Srpsko komunikolosko drustvo Serbian communication society

Conflicts and way to resolve them



The origin of conflicts;
Edward de Bono: The internal origin of conflicts is human natukre
Human nature is very complex and complicated and util now nto wholly investigated. Human nature includs all human caracterististics: good an bad, love and hate, peace fulnes and militancy and oll between.
Cultural- historical heirtage are languages, nations, religions and values. Boat: human nature and cultlural- historical heritage are or may be dofferent, coopetating, controversial and conflict.
Who is Edward de Bono?
After his initial education at St. Edward's College, Malta and Royal University of Malta, he gained Royal D. Phil in medicine De Bono is founder and director of Cognitive Research Trust in Cambirge as too founder of  Supranational Independent Thinking Organisation. Hes has written about twenti books and many-coloured articles on thinking, of conflicts and conflict resolution.
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Edward de Bono
What is conflict?
Conflict is a clash of interests, values, acations or directions.Conflict refers to the existence of that clash. The word conflict is applicable from the instant that the calsh occurs. Even when we say that there is a potential conflict we are implying that there is alredy a conflict of directions even though a clash may not have occured.
Confliction
That is a new word.Its meaning is fairly obvious. Confliction is the process of setting ua, promotion, encouraging ore desigiting conflict. Note that confliction refers to the actual effort put into creating a conflict. It covers all those delibetate things which happen before the conflict is establiched. Confliction is meant to refer to a deliberate proces. It is the effort to establich a conflict. We do not have to be concerned here why anyone would want to establich a conflict.
Deconfliction
This is also a new word I am inventing (de Bono). De-confliction is even more i portant than confliction .In order for de-confliction to meke sense we need to have the word 'confliction'. De-confliction is the opposite of confliction. It rerers to the designing away or dissipation of the basis for the conflict. De-confliction does not refere to negotiation or bargaining or even to the resolution of conflicts. De-confliction is the effort rsequaired to evaporate a conflict. Just as confliction is the setting up of a conflict so de-contliction is the opposite process: demolition of the conflict.
Human thinking is information activity in that special environement that we call the brain. We do not yet know the detailed workongs of the brain but we do have a broad view of the type of intormation system that it is. The first stage of thinking is perception. It is in perception that the chaos of the external world is translated into symtols or words which can then be manipulated in the exellent second-stage system we have inventid (addaition: it is language - second stage of the work of the brain).
But perception itself depends directly on the way the brian works. Most of our thinking is language based. such language-based thinking sistems are also second-stage systems. We inherit words end over time our experuence  may allow new words to form. The rules of handling the words are laid down by grammar and usage. We are very  proud  of our language-based thinking system and we believe it to be rather wonderful ----which it is. It is the only game in town and  our culture is so dependent on language-based thinking that we cannot really conceive of anything else.
Conflicts arise becaause  people may have to interact in the same situation but they see the situation very different. Everyone is alwayas right. No one is ever right.

                                         
This means that within his own perce;tions a person may be right but in terms of wider perceptions this is not so and in terms of absolute perceptions it may never be so.
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Conflict Causasus region 
There are a number of reasons why people may see the same situation differently. It is important to  note them, as understanding such differences is an essential part of conflict  resolutins.
There are differences based in chemical setting of the brain. If we are in a certain mood we may only be able to see things in a certain way.
There is the old story of the optimist who saw the glass as being half full of whiskey and the pessimist who stoutly maimtained hat it was half empty.
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Conflict Balkan region
Modus: What can we do about mood? We can take note of  it and its effect on the available thinking, We can take note of  it and its effect on the setting and shoices of people. We cannot directly use chemicals other than the traditional ones.
What we can do abput mood? We can take note of itand its effect on  the avaible thinking.. We can try to change mood deliberately by change of setting and shoices of people. We cannot direclty use chemical other than the traditional ones. But we can use 'Six Thinking Hats'. The thinker metafhorically puts on one of these hats and then adopts the prescirbed role. The hats are:
White hat: neutral information, facats and figures without comments;
Black hat: negativ logical,why it won't work, why it can't be done, why it does not dit experience patterns;
Yellow hat: positive specalative, why it might work, what is hoped for,what the benefits might be;
Red hat: pure emotion without any need to explain of justify, a plain surfacint of current feeling on the matter,
Green hat: fertile, generative nad craative, new ideas, suggestions and provocations;
Blue hat: overview control hat to control the use of  others and also tu ant as an organizer of the thinking itself.
Thera are artofical moods. but, like the masks in a Kabuki play, may lead the real moods to follow.
I do not intend to discus here all the possible effects of mood on thinking and the  practical matters that arise. For example there is the difficulty of an offer made in a good mood and then ot followed trhough an a more sober mood.
Context  context is rather a broad word which covers the whole setting of the situation: direct, indirect, broad and most broad environment.
Limited view: This is mixture of myopia and parochialism. It means that someone simply cannot see beyond a certtain distance. "Limited view" is a real thing and not a matter of choise. Whotever is going to make sence is going to have to make sense within the limited view.
Local logic: At first sight this may seem very similar to the "limited view" concept but it is actuelly different, and different in an important way. With local logic  a thinker may actually have a very wide view. Nevertheless a certain action is chose because its makes sense in a very local scene. In ather words there is "local logic behind the action or choice. Note that the emphasis is on "locic" and not on "view".
Logic bubble:. When we disagree with what someone is doing we habe two basic choices. We can regard tha person as stupid/malevolent or we can regard that person as higly intelligent  bat acting in a bubble of perceptions and circimstances which dictate the action. In other words the person is acting higly intelligently within the locic bubble wthin which he finds hiimself.
There is considerable overčap between local logic and logic bubble and at timesthey may be identical. Logic bubble is always very personal and referes to a particular individual. Local logic is relative.
For example: Why is tihis being done? That question may have an answer in ocal logic.
Why is be coing this now? That question will have an answer in that person's logic ubble.
Universe differences are profoundly important and all great jumps in sciences come about through a shift in the undersoood universe of action.
Talking acros universes is even worse than tolking across Lsngauges. If talk Englich to a Japanese who does not unterstand you then there is no communication ----  stgat tgere us bi cinnzbucatuib, --with universes, if you are talking in one uneverse and the listener is listening in other universe they may be no real comprehension
A  universe is a set of circumstances and rules of action which determine how things behave in that universe....the universe determines the law of "nature" in that universe. In the underwater universe wood floats upwards, on the surface of the earth it drops downward.
The important thing with understanding universe changes is to treat each universe  separate and complete in itself. Then it comes  to have its own logic and its own consistency and it is possible to work within this  To make point- by-point comparsons and then to try to remember all these differences just adds up to confusions.
Comparisons can be made of fundamental points in order to shov up the differences. Then the new universe is understood around these fundamental points.
Teoretically an universe change is much more profound than a system  change. After all, there may be several systems within the same universe. In practical terms there is a spectrum which runs from basic universe  changes to system differences.
 To understand behavior, values and what may happen next, all actions have to be refered to the universe in which they are taking  place.
Difference of infromation is one of the major sources od differencw of perception and since it is techncalione of the wasiest tzpes  of differences  of  perception  and since it is  technicallz one of the easiest tzpes of difference to be p ut right, serious thought need bo be given to the vortues of secrecy.
Anyone who favors a mapping and designt approach to conflict thinking must favor disclosure , whereas anyone who favor the dialectic argument must favor secrecy.
This program of mine now seems to be the most widely used in the world for the direct teaching of thinking in schools. In Venezuela every schoolchild, by law, spends two hours a week on thinking skills.
The method is used in U.K , Ireland, Australija and New Zealand in different schools, I have set up pilot projects in Bulgaria, Mlaysia and Malta and have invitations to set up fruther projects.
Preliminarz results from Bulgaria show statisticallz significant increases in intelligence an  other measure attribute. Results form Canada, Australia and the U.S.A. also show measurable efeects.
Thinking as two stage process:
1st, Make the map
2bd, Use the map




Konflikti i kako ih razrešavati?

Izvori konflikata
1. Edvard de Bono: interni izvor: lljudska priroda - interni  primarni izvor: rad centralnog nervnog sistema - mozga. Rad ljudskog mozga mozga može se prtiti samo na osnovu onoga što ustanovimo da u njega ulazi spolja i izlazi tj. INPUT i AUTPUT.
2.Novak A. Popović dopuna - kulturno istorijsko nasleđe - eksterni izvor
Ljudaka priroda je veoma složena i kompokovana i do sada nije  potpuna istražena. Ona obuhvata sve ljudske karakteristike: dobro i zlo tj. dobrotu i nasilje, ljubav i mržnju, mroljubivost i ratobornost i sve izmeđ toga.
Kultturno-istorijsko nasleđe su: jezik, nacija, religija i vrednosti
Ko je Novak A. Popović?
Nakon početnog obrazovanja u gimnaziji, Gradačac, Bosna, Jugoslavija stekao je akademski stepen i doktorat filozofije na Univerzitetu Hamburg, Nemačka. Početne aktivnosti startovao je kao naučni asistent na tom univerziteu. Nakon toga odlazi u Jugoslaviju  i nastavlja svoje aktivnosti u Jugoslaovensko institutu za novinarstvo u Beogradu kao rukovodilac naučno-istraživačkog sektora i predsednik aučnog veća Instituta. Svoje aktivnost nastavlja dalje u Institutu za političke studije takođe u Beogradu, najpre kao direktor Instituta a potom kao predsednik upravnog odbora i rukovodilac sentra za istraživanje medija i komunikacija Za vreme postojanja Jugoslavaijea bio je baio je dopisnik Kompendijuma UN i koordinator Saveza novinara Jugoslavije za saradnju sa spoljnim saavezima novinara.
Šta je konflikt?
Konflikt je sukob interesa, vrednosti, aktivnosti ili usmerenja. Konflikt se odnosi na postojanje sukoba. Reč konflikt je primenljiva od trenutka kada se pojavi sukob. Baš kada mi kažemo da je  potencijalni konflikt, mi impliciramo da je konflikt već tu ili postoji usmerenost ka konfliktu, mada se konflikt još nije ispoljio.
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Konfliktni Kavkazki region
Konfliktkacija
To je nova reč. Značenje tog pojma prilično jasno. Konfliktkacija je proces pripreme (formiranja), promocije, zagovaranja i oblikovanja konflikta. Zapamti da se koflitkacija  odnosi na aktuelne napore uspostavljavnja ili oblikovanja konflikta. Pojam obuhvata sve ono što se desilo pre nego što je nastao konflikt. Konfliktkacija označava odnos i proces razmišljanja a to je proces uspostavljanja konflikta. Mi ne moramo tu voditi računa, zašto bi neko hteo napraviti konflikt.
Dekonfliktkacija
Nova reč. Dekonfliktkacija je suprotnost konflitkaciji. Pojam se odnosi na kreiranje stanja dalje od raskalapnosti tj. kreiranje stanja ozbiljnosti, brige, staranja) prema uzroku konflikta. Dekonfliktkacija se ne odnosi na pregovaranje ili cenkanje i čak razrešavanje konflikta. Deknofliktkacija je napor da 'ispari' konflikt. Upravo kao što je konfliktkacija priprema za konflikt, tako je dekonfliktkacija surotan proces rušenja konflikta (razrešavanja).
Ljudsko rakzmšljanje je informativna aktivnost u posebnom okružwnju koje mi nazivamo mozak. Mi još neznamo detaljni rad mozga, ali mi imamo širi uvid u informativni sistem mozga.
Prva manifestaacaija razmišljanja je opažanje (percepcija). U sistemu pecepcije haos spoljnog sveta prelazi u sistem strukture jezika jj. izražavanja. Opažamkea plus izražavanje manifestuju način rada našeg mozga.
Opažanje direktno zavisi od načina rada mozga (dopuna:  opažanje nije isto kod ljudi nego različito na osnovu različitosti rada mozga. Veći deo rada mozga baziran je u strukturi jezika tj. izražavanja nego opažanja. Mi u način rada ljudskog mozga  možemo steći uvid sano na osnovu onoga kada mi pratima šta u njega ulazi i izlazi odnosno šta neko čuje, vidi. čita slika itd. i na sonovu onoga što govori, piše, crta itd.
Konflikti se pojavljuju zato što ljudi moraju sudelovati u istoj situaaciji, ali vide tu situaciju veoma različito.
Svako je uvek u pravu. Niko nije uvek u pravu. To znači da u svom opažanju neko može biti u pravu, ali u širem kontakstu opažanja ne mora biti tako.
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Konfliktni Balkanski region
Postoji niz razloga zašto ljudi mogu videti istu situaciju različito. Važno je shvaatitii tazumevanje tih razlika kao suštinski deo rešavanja konflikta.
Postoje razlike zasnovane na promenama u hemijskom sklopu mozga. To su modus, kontekst itd. koje ćemo objasniti u nastavku:
Modus. To su razlike zasnovane na promenama u hemijskom sklopu mozga.Ako smo mi u određenom modusu, mozak može videti iste istvari u tom modusu različito. Postoji stara priča o optimistima i pesimistima koji  čašu vide  polupunu viskija i pesimisti kojiistu  čašu vide polupraznu viskija. To je tako i dovoljno smešno zato što vidimo dva stava o istom slučaju..
Šta mi možemo učiniti sa modusom? Mi ga možemo uzeti u obzir kao i njeov efekat na način razmišljanja. Mi možemo pokušati izmeniti modus obazrivom promenom postavke i iizbora aktera i to nije sve. Mi možemo takođe pokušati preokrenuti moduse na vršenje  pažljivo odabrane3 uloge prilagođene šest misaonih šešira:
Beli šešir: neutralna informacija, fakti i likovi bez komentara:
Crni šešir: logički negativno zato što ne može funkcionisati:
Žuti šešir: spekulativno pozitivan zatošto je moguće da funkcioniše:
Crveni šešir: čista emocija bez porteve za objašnjenjem:
Zeleni šešir: plodan, generativan i kreativan , nove ideje, sugestije i  provokacije:
Plavi šešir: šešir vrhovne kontrole nad drugim šeširima da služi kao organizator sopstvenog razmišljanja.
To su veštački modusi, ali kao maske mogu biti predvodnici stvarnih modusa. Ja ne zagovaram ovde raspravu o mogućim efektima modusa razmšljanja i praktičnih stvari koje proizlaze.
Kontekst  Kontekst je široki pojam koji obuhvata celokupni sklop situacije: neposredno, posredno, šire i najšire okruženje, aktere, akcije, sadržaje itd.
Ograničeni pogled dalje:  To je mešavina (mentalne) kratkovidosti i ograničenosti da neko jednostavno ne može videti "ono iza" određene distance. To je ozbilljan mentalni nedostatak koji ne samo može nego po pravilu proizvodi ozbiljne egzistencijalne probleme pojedincima ali i grupama i zajednicama u čije ime neka osoba odlučuje.
Lokalna logika Kod nas je taj pojam poznat u iskrivljenom obliku kao "palanačka svest" odnosno ograničenost u širem opsegu razmišljanja.
Na prvi pogled "lokalna logika" može izgledati vrlo slična "ograničenom pogledu, ali je aktuelno različita u važmom segmentu. Sa lokalnom logikom mislilac može imati vrlo širok pogled. Pored toga izvesne akcije mogu biti izabrane zato što umaju smisla u lokalnom zbivanju. Drugim rečima, lokalna logika je 'iza' određenog izbora. Zapamti, naglasak je na "logici" a ne na pogledu jer lokalna logika je lokalna u  širem smislu.
Lokalna varka ili neobičnost: Kada smo iznenađeni onim što neko radi mi imamo dva osnovna izbora. Mi možemo pomisliti da je osoba gllupa/zla ili visoko inteligentna, ali ta osoba deluje u jednoj čudnoj percepciji i okolnostima koje nameću takvu akciju. Drugim rečima, osoba deluje visoko inteligentno u okviru logičnog mehura u kome se sama nalazi.
Postoje određena preklapanja između lokalne logike i logičke varke a ponekad one mogu biti identične. Logička varka je uvek lična i odnosi se na određenu individuu. Lokalna logika je relativna. Na primer: Zašto je to učinjeno? To pitanje može imati odgovor u lokalnoj logici. Zašto on to čini sada? To pitanje ima odgovor u ličnoj logičkoj varki.
Razlike univerza. Razlike univerza su doboko značajne i svi genijalni  sokkovi u nauci došli su uz pomoć odgovarajućeg dodatnog univerzuma.
Govoriti kroz univerze je uvek loše nego putem jezika. Ako mi govorima Engleski s Japancem koji ne razume tu nema razumevanja .... ali tu je svest da ne postoji kontakt. Sa univerzima, ako vi govorite u jednom univerzumu a slušalac sluša u drugom univerzuma tu možda nema pravog razumevanja, ali slušalac veruje da  on ili ona razume.
Jedan univerzm je set okolnosti i pravila delovanja koji determinišu kako se stvari vladaju u tom univerzumu ... taj univerzum određuje zakone "prirode" u tom univerzumu. U podvodnom niverzumu šuma  plovi uzvodno na površini zemlje a zemlja pada nizvodno.?!!.
Važna stvar  sa razumevanjem iniversum je tretiranje svakog univerzuma zasebno u sebi i  potpuno za sebe. Jer svaki dolazi do svoje spostvene logike i svoje sopstvene konzistentnosti.
Komparacije mogu biti vršene sa fundamentalnim principima univerza da bi se pokazale razlike. Jer novi univerzum se može razumeti sa gledišta osnovnih olazišta.
Teorijski promena univerzuma je mnogo dublja nego promena sistema. Nakon svega tu može biti više sistema uatar istog univerzuma. U praktičnim uslovima tu je jedan spektrum koji se brzo kreće od promena bazičnog univerzuma ka sistemskim razlikama
 Da bi se razumelo ponašaje , vrednosti i što se može  dalje dogoditi, sve akcije se moraju odnositi na univerzum u kome se događaju.
Diferencija o informacijama je jedno od velikih izvora opažanje i  predstavlja jedan od nalakših tipova razlika da se isprave, seriozna misao treba biti usmerena na očuvanje tajne.
Svako ko preferira pristup mapiranja i dizajna za konfliktno razmišljanje mra preferirati otvorenost dok svako ko preferira dijalektički argument i konfliktni modus mora to držati u tajnosti.

Učenje razmišljanja u školama
Ovaj moj program je najrasprostranjeniji u svetu za direktno učenje razmišljanja u školama i značaj ovog programa je u značajnom porastu U Venecueli svaki đak prava posvećuje dva sata  sedmično učeći veštine razmišljanja.
To je takođe rašireno u upotrebi u Kanadi rastuća upotreba u SAD.Taj metod je u upotrebi u V. Britaniji, Irskoj , Australiji i Novom Zelandu i različitim školama. Ja sam uspostavio pilot projekt u Bugarskoj, Maleziji i Malti  i imam poziv za uspostavljnje daljih projekata.
A zašto to sve zaobilalzi Srbiju, nikome nije jasno. 

To je takođe rašireno u Kanadi i SAD. Isti metod je prihvaćen u V. Britaniji, Irskoj, Austriji i Novom Zelandu. Pilot projekti započeti su u Bugarskoj, Maleziji i Malti preliminarni rezultati u Bugarskoj , Maleziji i Malti pokazuju statističku signifikantan porst Inteligencije i drugih merenih atributa. Rezultati iz Kanade, Australije i SAD takođe pokazuju efekte.
Razmišljanjekao dvostepeni proces:
1. Načini mapu razmišljanja,
2  Upotrebi mapu
Načiniti mapu znači ubeležiti sve elemente od najvažnijih do najnebitinijih, jer se nekada ispostavi da je najnebitnihi elemanta ključan i susštinski važan